Assessing the expected level of cancer risk associated with occupational exposure to chemical substances is extremely important, as it forms the basis for the proper and safe organization of work in a company. It allows the translation of scientific research findings into legal regulations, enabling the implementation of appropriate preventive measures and optimizing the protection of workers’ health. This article discusses various methods for estimating the risk associated with the occurrence of cancer due to exposure to carcinogenic substances in workplaces. An analysis, summary, and synthesis of the literature were conducted, based on which 7 methods for estimating cancer risk were selected. These methods utilize descriptors (features or variables used to describe data), numerical modeling techniques measured during observations, and approaches based on artificial intelligence. The decision to select these specific methods was driven by their representativeness of different approaches to risk assessment, allowing for a comprehensive analysis and comparison of their strengths and weaknesses. The analysis revealed that there is no universal best method for risk estimation, and the choice largely depends on the data available from experimental animal studies. Key factors include the species and number of animals used in the experiment giving statistical power, the route of administration, the duration of the experiment, the incidence of spontaneous tumors, and the appropriate selection of tumors that might occur in humans. There is a need for continuous improvement and harmonization of risk assessment methods and the incorporation of the latest scientific research to effectively manage health risks associated with exposure to carcinogenic substances in the workplace. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2025;76(1)