Background: Malignant cancers are one of the most significant public health challenges, both in Poland and globally. In the context of increasing incidence, particular attention should be given to cancers with occupational etiology. Despite awareness of these risks, in Poland, this issue remains insufficiently recognized and registered within the occupational disease system. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence occupational cancers in Poland 2015–2024, focusing on high-risk industries and the most common causes of occupational carcinogens. Material and Methods: The analysis included data on reported cases of confirmed occupational diseases 2015–2024, which were submitted by sanitary-epidemiological stations to the Central Register of Occupational Diseases at the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in Łódź. Results: In the analyzed period, 601 cases of occupational cancers were reported, including 512 in men and 89 in women. The most frequently diagnosed cancers were lung cancer (50.1%), pleural mesothelioma (36.6%), hematopoietic system cancers (3.3%), and laryngeal cancer (2.8%). The average duration of exposure was about 20 years. The highest number of cases was associated with industrial processing, mining, and construction, with dominant risk factors such as asbestos, benzene, and ionizing radiation. Asbestos exposure was responsible for all cases of pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, >56% of lung cancers, and nearly 47% of laryngeal cancers. Conclusions: The analysis revealed that occupational cancers account for only 2.7% of all reported occupational diseases indicating a significant underestimation. Further actions are needed to strengthen the detection, diagnosis, and prevention systems for these carcinogens. It is essential to introduce tools to monitor exposure to carcinogenic factors and to promote cooperation between employers, occupational health and safety services, doctors, and public health protection institutions. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2025;76(6)