Background: This study aimed to identify distinct employee and organizational profiles influencing workplace safety behaviors (compliance and participation) using latent profile analysis (LPA), focusing on psychological need satisfaction, work performance, and organizational safety culture. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1293 Polish employees across diverse sectors (industry, transportation, construction, agriculture) assessed individual factors (personal safety culture, basic psychological needs, task/contextual performance, counterproductive behaviors) and organizational factors (safety values, leadership commitment, training quality, psychosocial climate). Validated scales, including the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale at Work, Individual Work Performance Questionnaire, individual safety culture questionnaire (Kultura bezpieczeństwa jednostki), and organizational safety culture questionnaire (Kultura bezpieczeństwa zakładu), were administered via computer-assisted web interview. Separate LPAs identified employee and organizational profiles; non-parametric tests compared safety outcomes across profiles. Results: Five latent profiles emerged for both employees and organizations. Employees with high basic need satisfaction, strong personal safety values, and high performance exhibited the highest safety compliance and participation. Conversely, those with unmet needs despite strong safety values showed the lowest level of safety behaviors. Organizations with holistic safety cultures (leadership commitment, tailored training, psychosocial support) achieved superior safety outcomes, while those neglecting systemic safety investments performed the poorest. Conclusions: Workplace safety behaviors are shaped by interactions between various individual and organizational variables. The study highlighted the importance of both organizational factors, such as safety climate, and individual factors, including need satisfaction, performance, and counterproductive behaviors. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2025;76(6)