This work features a review of literature discussing the health effects of environmental and occupational exposure to aluminum (Al) and its compounds. The sources of exposure, absorption routes and metabolism are discussed in detail. The role of Al and its compounds in the etiology of some diseases, related to both environmental exposure and exposure in the work environment, is also presented. Aluminum toxicity most often affects the central nervous system, the skeletal system, the hematopoietic system, the urinary tract and the respiratory system. An increased effect of active forms of oxygen can stimulate the formation of amyloid deposits. The clinical image of aluminum smelters was dominated by ataxia, memory impairment, impaired abstract thinking and depressive states. Aluminum compounds have a detrimental effect not only on the psychic but also motor skills. Med Pr. 2020;71(1):79–88